75.160.20 (Liquid fuels) 标准查询与下载

ASTM D5798-13 灵活燃料汽车火花点火发动机用乙醇混合燃料的标准规范

1.1 This specification covers the requirements for automotive fuel blends of ethanol and gasoline for use in ground vehicles equipped with ethanol fuel blend flexible-fuel spark-ignition engines. Fuel produced to this specification contains 51 to 83 volume % ethanol. This fuel is for use in flexible-fuel vehicles and is sometimes referred to at retail as “Ethanol Flex-Fuel.” Appendix X1 discusses the significance of the properties specified. 1.2 The vapor pressure of ethanol fuel blends is varied for seasonal climatic changes. Vapor pressure is increased at lower temperatures to ensure adequate flexible-fuel vehicle operability. Ethanol content and selection of hydrocarbon blendstock are adjusted by the blender to meet these vapor pressure requirements. 1.3 This specification formerly covered Fuel Ethanol (Ed70-Ed85) for Automotive Spark-Ignition Engines, also known commercially as E85. The nomenclature “fuel ethanol” has been changed to “ethanol fuel blends” to distinguish this product from denatured fuel ethanol Specification D4806. To facilitate blending of ethanol fuel blends that meet seasonal vapor pressure requirements, a new lower minimum ethanol content has been established. 1.4 The United States government has established various programs for alternative fuels. Many of the definitions of alternative fuel used by these programs may be more restrictive than the requirements of this specification. See 4.1.2.1 for additional information on alternative fuels containing ethanol. 1.5 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard. The values given in parentheses are for information only. 1.6 The following safety hazard caveat pertains only to the test method portion, 8.1.8, of this specification. This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

Standard Specification for Ethanol Fuel Blends for Flexible-Fuel Automotive Spark-Ignition Engines

ASTM D7422-13 评估T-12废气循环柴油机中的柴油机油的标准试验方法

5.1 This test method was developed to evaluate the wear performance of engine oils in turbocharged and intercooled four-cycle diesel engines equipped with EGR and running on ultra-low sulfur diesel fuel. Obtain results from used oil analysis and component measurements before and after test. 5.2 The test method may be used for engine oil specification acceptance when all details of the procedure are followed. 1.1 This test method covers an engine test procedure for evaluating diesel engine oils for performance characteristics, including lead corrosion and wear of piston rings and cylinder liners in an engine equipped with exhaust gas recirculation and running on ultra-low sulfur diesel fuel.2 This test method is commonly referred to as the Mack T-12. 1.1.1 This test method also provides the procedure for running an abbreviated length test, which is commonly referred to as the T-12A. The procedures for the T-12 and T-12A are identical with the exception of the items specifically listed in Annex A9. Additionally, the procedure modifications listed in Annex A9 refer to the corresponding section of the T-12 procedure. 1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard. 1.2.1 Exception—Where there is no direct SI equivalent, such as the units for screw threads, National Pipe Threads/diameters, tubing size, and single source supply equipment specifications. 1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. See Annex A6 for specific safety precautions.

Standard Test Method for Evaluation of Diesel Engine Oils in T-12 Exhaust Gas Recirculation Diesel Engine

ASTM D5798-13a 灵活燃料汽车火花点火发动机用乙醇混合燃料的标准规范

1.1 This specification covers the requirements for automotive fuel blends of ethanol and gasoline for use in ground vehicles equipped with ethanol fuel blend flexible-fuel spark-ignition engines. Fuel produced to this specification contains 51 to 83 volume % ethanol. This fuel is for use in flexible-fuel vehicles and is sometimes referred to at retail as “Ethanol Flex-Fuel.” Appendix X1 discusses the significance of the properties specified. 1.2 The vapor pressure of ethanol fuel blends is varied for seasonal climatic changes. Vapor pressure is increased at lower temperatures to ensure adequate flexible-fuel vehicle operability. Ethanol content and selection of hydrocarbon blendstock are adjusted by the blender to meet these vapor pressure requirements. 1.3 This specification formerly covered Fuel Ethanol (Ed70-Ed85) for Automotive Spark-Ignition Engines, also known commercially as E85. The nomenclature “fuel ethanol” has been changed to “ethanol fuel blends” to distinguish this product from denatured fuel ethanol Specification D4806. To facilitate blending of ethanol fuel blends that meet seasonal vapor pressure requirements, a new lower minimum ethanol content has been established. 1.4 The United States government has established various programs for alternative fuels. Many of the definitions of alternative fuel used by these programs may be more restrictive than the requirements of this specification. See 4.1.2.1 for additional information on alternative fuels containing ethanol. 1.5 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard. The values given in parentheses are for information only. 1.6 The following safety hazard caveat pertains only to the test method portion, 8.1.8, of this specification. This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

Standard Specification for Ethanol Fuel Blends for Flexible-Fuel Automotive Spark-Ignition Engines

ASTM D1655-13a 航空涡轮机燃料的标准规格

1.1 This specification covers the use of purchasing agencies in formulating specifications for purchases of aviation turbine fuel under contract. 1.2 This specification defines specific types of aviation turbine fuel for civil use in the operation and certification of aircraft and describes fuels found satisfactory for the operation of aircraft and engines. The specification can be used as a standard in describing the quality of aviation turbine fuels from the refinery to the aircraft. 1.3 This specification does not include all fuels satisfactory for aviation turbine engines. Certain equipment or conditions of use may permit a wider, or require a narrower, range of characteristics than is shown by this specification. 1.4 Aviation turbine fuels defined by this specification may be used in other than turbine engines that are specifically designed and certified for this fuel. 1.5 This specification no longer includes wide-cut aviation turbine fuel (Jet B). FAA has issued a Special Airworthiness Information Bulletin which now approves the use of Specification D6615 to replace Specification D1655 as the specification for Jet B and refers users to this standard for reference. 1.6 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.

Standard Specification for Aviation Turbine Fuels

ASTM D5797-13 汽车火花点火发动机用燃料甲醇 (M70-M85) 的标准规范

1.1 This specification covers a fuel blend, nominally 70 to 85 volume % methanol and 30 to 14 volume % hydrocarbons for use in ground vehicles with automotive spark-ignition engines. Appendix X1 discusses the significance of the properties specified. Appendix X2 presents the current status in the development of a luminosity test procedure for M70-M85. 1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard. The values given in parentheses are for information only. 1.3 The following precautionary caveat pertains only to the test method portions–Annex A1, Annex A2, Annex A3, and Appendix X2 of this specification.This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

Standard Specification for Fuel Methanol (M70-M85) for Automotive Spark-Ignition Engines

ASTM D4860-13 中间馏分燃料中游离水和颗粒杂质的标准试验方法 (清澈透明数值的评定)

5.1 The test provides a field test to evaluate visually a fuel sample for particulate matter and free water similar to Test Method D4176 plus a numerical rating for free water. High numerical ratings indicate that the fuel is relatively free of free water. The degree of water and particulate contamination can be measured using other methods such as Test Methods D1744, D2276, and D2709. 5.2 The color of the sample does not affect the measurement. Limited laboratory evaluations of samples have determined the degree of free water can be rated in fuels with dark opaque color having a darker rating than five in Test Method D1500. 1.1 This test method covers a rapid, portable means for field and laboratory use to inspect visually for particulate matter and numerically rate free water in aviation turbine and distillate fuels. 1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard. 1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. For specific warning statements, see 11.2.3 and Annex A1.

Standard Test Method for Free Water and Particulate Contamination in Middle Distillate Fuels (Clear and Bright Numerical Rating)

ASTM D2880-13b 燃气轮机用燃料油的标准规格

1.1 This specification covers the selection of fuels for gas turbines, excepting gas turbines used in aircraft, for the guidance of interested parties such as turbine manufacturers and the suppliers and purchasers of fuel oils. The specification sets forth the properties of fuels at the time and place of custody transfer to the user. 1.2 Three appendixes are provided for informational purposes only and do not constitute a requirement of this specification unless mutually agreed upon between the interested parties. 1.2.1 Appendix X1 describes the five grades of gas turbine fuels covered by this specification. Further, it states the significance of various test methods used in inspecting the fuels. 1.2.2 Appendix X2 discusses the sources of fuel contaminants and notes the significance of such contaminants in the operation of gas turbines and gas turbine fuel systems. The particular significance of trace metals in gas turbine fuels is noted. Upper limits of trace metals are recommended for the various grades of gas turbine fuels, but these recommended limits do not constitute a requirement of the specification unless mutually agreed upon by the interested parties. Limitations due to the use of used or recycled oil are also noted. Note 1—The gas turbine operator should consult Practice D4418 for methods of ensuring fuels of adequate cleanliness and for guidance on long-term storage of distillate fuels and on liquids from non-petroleum sources as gas turbine.Note 2—Nothing in this specification shall preclude observance of federal, state, or local regulations which may be more restrictive.Note 3—The generation and dissipation of static electricity can create problems in the handling of distillate gas turbine fuel oils. For more information on the subject, see Guide D4865.

Standard Specification for Gas Turbine Fuel Oils

ASTM D3699-13a 煤油标准规格

1.1 This specification covers two grades of kerosine suitable for use in critical kerosine burner applications: 1.1.1 No. 1-K—A special low-sulfur grade kerosine suitable for use in nonflue-connected kerosine burner appliances and for use in wick-fed illuminating lamps. 1.1.2 No. 2-K—A regular grade kerosine suitable for use in flue-connected burner appliances and for use in wick-fed illuminating lamps. 1.2 This specification is intended for use in purchasing, as a reference for industry and governmental standardization, and as a source of technical information. 1.3 This specification, unless otherwise provided by agreement between the purchaser and the supplier, prescribes the required properties of kerosine at the time and place of custody transfer. Note 1—The generation and dissipation of static electricity can create problems in the handling of kerosines. For more information on the subject, see Guide D4865. 1.4 Nothing in this specification shall preclude observance of federal, state, or local regulations which can be more restrictive. 1.5 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.

Standard Specification for Kerosine

ASTM D3231-13 汽油中磷的标准试验方法

4.1 Phosphorus in gasoline will damage catalytic convertors used in automotive emission control systems, and its level therefore is kept low. 1.1 This test method covers the determination of phosphorus generally present as pentavalent phosphate esters or salts, or both, in gasoline. This test method is applicable for the determination of phosphorus in the range from 0.2 to 40 mg P/litre or 0.0008 to 0.15 g P/U.S. gal. 1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are for information only. 1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. For specific warning statements, see Section 6 and 9.5.

Standard Test Method for Phosphorus in Gasoline

ASTM D2885-13 使用在线直接对比技术测定火花点火发动机燃料辛烷值的标准试验方法

5.1 The delta octane number (ΔO.N.) measure can quantify the difference of in-line blended spark-ignition engine fuel or process stream material octane number to a desired octane number to aid in optimizing control of blender facilities or refinery process units. 5.2 The ΔO.N. measure, summed with a statistically sound comparison reference fuels O.N. provides either research or motor octane number value of the current in-line blended spark-ignition engine fuel or process stream material. 5.3 Through the use of cumulative flow-weighted averaging of the repetitive ΔO.N. results, a statistically significant octane number can be assigned to a tender or batch of in-line blended spark-ignition engine fuel. 1.1 This test method covers the quantitative online determination by direct comparison of the difference in knock rating or delta octane number of a stream sample of spark-ignition engine fuel from that of a comparison reference fuel. 1.2 This test method covers the methodology for obtaining an octane number using the measured delta octane number and the octane number of the comparison reference fuel. 1.3 The comparison reference fuel is required to be of essentially the same composition as the stream sample to be analyzed and can be a secondary fuel termed standard fuel or a tertiary fuel termed prototype fuel. 1.4 The test method utilizes a knock testing unit/automated analyzer system that incorporates computer control of a standardized single-cylinder, four-stroke cycle, variable compression ratio, carbureted, CFR engine with appropriate auxiliary equipment using either Test Method D2699 Research method or Test Method D2700 Motor method operating conditions. 1.4.1 Knock measurements are based on operation of both fuels at the specific fuel-air ratio that produces maximum knock intensity for that fuel. 1.4.2 Measured differences in knock intensity are scaled to provide a positive or negative delta octane number of the stream sample from the comparison reference fuel when the fuels are compared at the same compression ratio. 1.4.3 Measured differences in compression ratio are scaled to provide a positive or negative delta octane number of the stream sample from the comparison reference fuel when the fuels are compared at the same knock intensity. 1.5 This test method is limited to testing 78 to 102 octane number spark-ignition engine fuels using either research or motor method conditions. 1.6 The octane number difference between the stream sample and the applicable comparison reference fuel is self-limiting by specifications imposed upon the standard and prototype fuels. 1.7 Specifications for selection, preparation, storage, and dispensing of ......

Standard Test Method for Determination of Octane Number of Spark-Ignition Engine Fuels by On-Line Direct Comparison Technique

ASTM D2699-13b 研究火花点火发动机燃料的辛烷值的标准试验方法

5.1 Research O.N. correlates with commercial automotive spark-ignition engine antiknock performance under mild conditions of operation. 5.2 Research O.N. is used by engine manufacturers, petroleum refiners and marketers, and in commerce as a primary specification measurement related to the matching of fuels and engines. 5.2.1 Empirical correlations that permit calculation of automotive antiknock performance are based on the general equation: Values of k1, k2, and k3 vary with vehicles and vehicle populations and are based on road-O.N. determinations. 5.2.2 Research O.N., in conjunction with Motor O.N., defines the antiknock index of automotive spark-ignition engine fuels, in accordance with Specification D4814. The antiknock index of a fuel approximates the Road octane ratings for many vehicles, is posted on retail dispensing pumps in the U.S., and is referred to in vehicle manuals. This is more commonly presented as: 5.2.3 Research O.N. is also used either alone or in conjunction with other factors to define the Road O.N. capabilities of spark-ignition engine fuels for vehicles operating in areas of the world other than the United States. 5.3 Research O.N. is used for measuring the antiknock performance of spark-ignition engine fuels that contain oxygenates. 5.4 Research O.N. is important in relation to the specifications for spark-ignition engine fuels used in stationary and other nonautomotive engine applications. 1.1 This laboratory test method covers the quantitative determination of the knock rating of liquid spark-ignition engine fuel in terms of Research O.N., including fuels that contain up to 258201;% v/v of ethanol. However, this test method may not be applicable to fuel and fuel components that are primarily oxygenates.2 The sample fuel is tested using a standardized single cylinder, four-stroke cycle, variable compression ratio, carbureted, CFR engine run in accordance with a defined set of operating conditions. The O.N. scale is defined by the volumetric composition of PRF blends. The sample fuel knock intensity is compared to that of one or more PRF blends. The O.N. of the PRF blend that matches the K.I. of the sample fuel establishes the Research O.N. 1.2 The O.N. scale covers the range from 0 to 120 octane number but this test method has a working range from 40 to 120 Research O.N. Typical commercial fuels produced for spark-ignition engines rate in the 88 to 101 Research O.N. range. Testing of gasoline blend stocks or other process stream materials can produce ratings at various levels throughout the Research O.N. range.......

Standard Test Method for Research Octane Number of Spark-Ignition Engine Fuel

ASTM D4806-13a 与用作汽车电火花点火发动机燃料的汽油混合用的变性燃料酒精的标准规格

1.1 This specification covers nominally anhydrous denatured fuel ethanol intended to be blended with unleaded or leaded gasolines at 1 to 10 volume8201;% for use as automotive spark-ignition engine fuel covered by Specification D4814. The significance of this specification is shown in Appendix X1. 1.2 The user is advised to check with the national regulatory agencies where the ethanol is denatured and used. The sulfur limit and denaturing formulas in this specification are acceptable for the U.S. market. Other countries or jurisdictions may allow or require other denaturing formulas and sulfur limits. 1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard. 1.4 The following safety hazards caveat pertains only to the method modification in 8.7 of this specification: This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

Standard Specification for Denatured Fuel Ethanol for Blending with Gasolines for Use as Automotive Spark-Ignition Engine Fuel

ASTM D7545-13 中间馏出燃料氧化稳定性;快速小规模氧化试验(RSSOT)的标准试验方法

5.1 The induction period may be used as an indication of the oxidation and storage stability of middle distillate fuel. 5.2 Compared to some other oxidation and storage stability test methods, this method uses a small sample and gives a result in a short time period. 1.1 This laboratory test method covers a quantitative determination of the stability of middle distillate fuels such as diesel fuels and heating oils, with up to 100% biodiesel, under accelerated oxidation conditions, by an automatic instrument. 1.2 This test method is designed for products complying with Specification D975 on Diesel Fuel, Grades No. 1D and 2D; Specification D396 on Burner Fuel, Grades No. 1 and No. 2; Specification D6751 on Biodiesel, B100, and Specification D7467 on Diesel Fuel Oil, B6 to B20. 1.3 This test method measures the induction period, under specified conditions, which can be used as an indication of the oxidation and storage stability of middle distillate fuels. 1.4 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard. 1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

Standard Test Method for Oxidation Stability of Middle Distillate Fuelsmdash;Rapid Small Scale Oxidation Test lpar;RSSOTrpar;

ASTM D4815-13 气相色谱分析法测定汽油中甲基叔丁基醚(MTBE)、二乙基丁基醚(ETBE)、甲苯磺酰－精氨酸甲酯(TAME)、二异丙酯(DIPE)叔戌酯和C1-C4醇的标准试验方法

5.1 Ethers, alcohols, and other oxygenates can be added to gasoline to increase octane number and to reduce emissions. Type and concentration of various oxygenates are specified and regulated to ensure acceptable commercial gasoline quality. Drivability, vapor pressure, phase separation, exhaust, and evaporative emissions are some of the concerns associated with oxygenated fuels. 5.2 This test method is applicable to both quality control in the production of gasoline and for the determination of deliberate or extraneous oxygenate additions or contamination. 1.1 This test method covers the determination of ethers and alcohols in gasolines by gas chromatography. Specific compounds determined are methyl tert-butylether (MTBE), ethyl tert-butylether (ETBE), tert-amylmethylether (TAME), diisopropylether (DIPE), methanol, ethanol, isopropanol, n-propanol, isobutanol, tert-butanol, sec -butanol, n-butanol, and tert-pentanol (tert-amylalcohol). 1.2 Individual ethers are determined from 0.20 to 20.0 mass8201;%. Individual alcohols are determined from 0.20 to 12.0 mass8201;%. Equations used to convert to mass8201;% oxygen and to volume8201;% of individual compounds are provided. At concentrations lt;0.20 mass8201;%, it is possible that hydrocarbons may interfere with several ethers and alcohols. The reporting limit of 0.20 mass8201;% was tested for gasolines containing a maximum of 10 volume8201;% olefins. It may be possible that for gasolines containing gt;10 volume8201;% olefins, the interference may be gt;0.20 mass8201;%. Annex A1 gives a chromatogram showing the interference observed with a gasoline containing 10 volume8201;% olefins. 1.3 Alcohol-based fuels, such as M-85 and E-85, MTBE product, ethanol product, and denatured alcohol, are specifically excluded from this test method. The methanol content of M-85 fuel is considered beyond the operating range of the system. 1.4 Benzene, while detected, cannot be quantified using this test method and must be analyzed by alternate methodology (see Test Method D3606). 1.5 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. Alternate units, in common usage, are also provided to increase clarity and aid the users of this test method. 1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

Standard Test Method for Determination of MTBE, ETBE, TAME, DIPE, tertiary-Amyl Alcohol and C1 to C4 Alcohols in Gasoline by Gas Chromatography

ASTM D7826-13 评估新航空汽油和新航空汽油添加剂的标准指南

5.1 This guide is intended for the developers or sponsors of new aviation gasolines or additives to describe the data requirements necessary to support the review of these new products by ASTM members. 5.2 This guide is not an approval process. It is intended to describe test and analysis requirements necessary to generate data to support specification development. This guide does not address the approval process for ASTM International standards. 5.3 This guide will reduce the uncertainty and risk to developers or sponsors of new aviation gasolines or additives by describing the test and analysis requirements necessary to proceed with the development of an ASTM International specification for aviation gasoline or specification revision for an aviation gasoline additive. 5.4 This guide does not purport to specify an all-inclusive listing of test and analysis requirements to achieve ASTM International approval of a specification or specification revision. The final requirements will be dependent upon the specific formulation and performance of the candidate fuel and be determined by the ASTM International task forces and committees charged with overseeing the specification development. 5.5 This guide does not describe data requirements of other approving authorities, such as national aviation regulatory authorities, or of other organizations or industry associations. However, the data generated in the conduct of the procedure may be useful for other purposes or other organizations. 5.6 Over 200 000 piston-engine aircraft rely on Specification D910 lead-containing aviation gasoline (avgas) for safe operation. There has been an increase in the research and development of alternatives to Specification D910 gasolines as a result of environmental and economic concerns. 1.1 This guide covers and provides procedures to develop data for use in research reports for new aviation gasolines or new aviation gasoline additives. 1.2 These research reports are intended to support the development and issuance of new specifications or specification revisions for these products. Guidance to develop ASTM International standard specifications for aviation gasoline is provided in Subcommittee J on Aviation Fuels Operating Procedures, Annex A6, “Guidelines for the Development and Acceptance of a New Aviation Fuel Specification for Spark-Ignition Reciprocating Engines.” 1.3 The procedures, tests, selection of materials, engines, and aircraft detailed in this guide are based on industry expertise to give appropriate data for review. Because of the diversity of aviation hardware and potential variation in fuel/additive formulations, not every aspect may be encompassed and further work may be required. Therefore, additional data beyond that described in this guide may be requested by the ASTM task force, Subcommittee J, or Committee D02 upon review of the specific composition, performance, or other characteristics of the candidate fuel or additive. 1.4 While it is beyond the scope of this guide, investigation of the future health and environmental impacts of the new aviation gasoline or new aviation gasoline additive and the requirements of environmental agencies is recommended. 1.5 Units—The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard. No other uni......

Standard Guide for Evaluation of New Aviation Gasolines and New Aviation Gasoline Additives

ASTM D910-13 航空汽油标准规格

1.1 This specification covers formulating specifications for purchases of aviation gasoline under contract and is intended primarily for use by purchasing agencies. 1.2 This specification defines specific types of aviation gasolines for civil use. It does not include all gasolines satisfactory for reciprocating aviation engines. Certain equipment or conditions of use may permit a wider, or require a narrower, range of characteristics than is shown by this specification. 1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.

Standard Specification for Aviation Gasolines

ASTM D4809-13 用弹式量热器(精密法)测定液态烃类燃料燃烧热的标准试验方法

5.1 The heat of combustion is a measure of the energy available from a fuel. A knowledge of this value is essential when considering the thermal efficiency of equipment for producing either power or heat. 5.2 The mass heat of combustion, that is, the heat of combustion per unit mass of fuel, is measured by this procedure. Its magnitude is particularly important to weight-limited vehicles such as airplanes, surface effect vehicles, and hydrofoils as the distance such craft can travel on a given weight of fuel is a direct function of the fuel's mass heat of combustion and its density. 5.3 The volumetric heat of combustion, that is, the heat of combustion per unit volume of fuel, can be calculated by multiplying the mass heat of combustion by the density of the fuel (mass per unit volume). The volumetric heat of combustion, rather than the mass heat of combustion, is important to volume-limited craft such as automobiles and ships, as it is directly related to the distance traveled between refuelings. 1.1 This test method covers the determination of the heat of combustion of hydrocarbon fuels. It is designed specifically for use with aviation turbine fuels when the permissible difference between duplicate determinations is of the order of 0.28201;%. It can be used for a wide range of volatile and nonvolatile materials where slightly greater differences in precision can be tolerated. 1.2 In order to attain this precision, strict adherence to all details of the procedure is essential since the error contributed by each individual measurement that affects the precision shall be kept below 0.048201;%, insofar as possible. 1.3 Under normal conditions, the test method is directly applicable to such fuels as gasolines, kerosines, Nos. 1 and 2 fuel oil, Nos. 1-D and 2-D diesel fuel and Nos. 0-GT, 1-GT, and 2-GT gas turbine fuels. 1.4  Through the improvement of the calorimeter controls and temperature measurements, the precision is improved over that of Test Method D240. 1.5 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard. 1.6 This standard does not purport to address the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. For specific warning statements, see Section 7, 10.6, A1.7.1 and Annex A3.

Standard Test Method for Heat of Combustion of Liquid Hydrocarbon Fuels by Bomb Calorimeter (Precision Method)

ASTM D5580-13 采用气相色谱法测定精炼汽油中苯, 甲苯, 乙苯, 间及对二甲苯, 邻二甲苯, C9重芳烃和全部芳烃的标准试验方法

5.1 Regulations limiting the concentration of benzene and the total aromatic content of finished gasoline have been established for 1995 and beyond in order to reduce the ozone reactivity and toxicity of automotive evaporative and exhaust emissions. Test methods to determine benzene and the aromatic content of gasoline are necessary to assess product quality and to meet new fuel regulations. 5.2 This test method can be used for gasolines that contain oxygenates (alcohols and ethers) as additives. It has been determined that the common oxygenates found in finished gasoline do not interfere with the analysis of benzene and other aromatics by this test method. 1.1 This test method covers the determination of benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene, the xylenes, C9 and heavier aromatics, and total aromatics in finished motor gasoline by gas chromatography. 1.2 The aromatic hydrocarbons are separated without interferences from other hydrocarbons in finished gasoline. Nonaromatic hydrocarbons having a boiling point greater than n-dodecane may cause interferences with the determination of the C9 and heavier aromatics. For the C8 aromatics, p-xylene and m-xylene co-elute while ethylbenzene and o-xylene are separated. The C9 and heavier aromatics are determined as a single group. 1.3 This test method covers the following concentration ranges, in liquid volume %, for the preceding aromatics: benzene, 0.1 to 58201;%; toluene, 1 to 158201;%; individual C8 aromatics, 0.5 to 108201;%; total C9 and heavier aromatics, 5 to 308201;%, and total aromatics, 10 to 808201;%. 1.4 Results are reported to the nearest 0.018201;% by either mass or by liquid volume. 1.5 Many of the common alcohols and ethers that are added to gasoline to reduce carbon monoxide emissions and increase octane, do not interfere with the analysis. Ethers such as methyl tert-butylether (MTBE), ethyl tert-butylether (ETBE), tert-amylmethylether (TAME), and diisopropylether (DIPE) have been found to elute from the precolumn with the nonaromatic hydrocarbons to vent. Other oxygenates, including methanol and ethanol elute before benzene and the aromatic hydrocarbons. 1-Methylcyclopentene has also been found to elute from the precolumn to vent and does not interfere with benzene. 1.6 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are for information only. 1.7 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

Standard Test Method for Determination of Benzene, Toluene, Ethylbenzene, p/m-Xylene, o-Xylene, C9 and Heavier Aromatics, and Total Aromatics in Finished Gasoline by Gas Chromatography

ASTM D396-13b 燃料油的标准规格

1.1 This specification (see Note 1) covers grades of fuel oil intended for use in various types of fuel-oil-burning equipment under various climatic and operating conditions. These grades are described as follows: 1.1.1 Grades No. 1 S5000, No. 1 S500, No. 2 S5000, and No. 2 S500 are middle distillate fuels for use in domestic and small industrial burners. Grades No. 1 S5000 and No. 1 S500 are particularly adapted to vaporizing type burners or where storage conditions require low pour point fuel. 1.1.2 Grades No. 4 (Light) and No. 4 are heavy distillate fuels or middle distillate/residual fuel blends used in commercial/industrial burners equipped for this viscosity range. 1.1.3 Grades No. 5 (Light), No. 5 (Heavy), and No. 6 are residual fuels of increasing viscosity and boiling range, used in industrial burners. Preheating is usually required for handling and proper atomization. Note 1—For information on the significance of the terminology and test methods used in this specification, see Appendix X1.Note 2—A more detailed description of the grades of fuel oils is given in X1.3. 1.2 This specification is for the use of purchasing agencies in formulating specifications to be included in contracts for purchases of fuel oils and for the guidance of consumers of fuel oils in the selection of the grades most suitable for their needs. 1.3 Nothing in this specification shall preclude observance of federal, state, or local regulations which can be more restrictive. 1.4 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.Note 3—The generation and dissipation of static electricity can create problems in the handling of distillate burner fuel oils. For more information on the subject, see Guide D4865.

Standard Specification for Fuel Oils

ASTM D2700-13b 火花点火发动机燃料发动机辛烷值的标准试验方法

5.1 Motor O.N. correlates with commercial automotive spark-ignition engine antiknock performance under severe conditions of operation. 5.2 Motor O.N. is used by engine manufacturers, petroleum refiners and marketers, and in commerce as a primary specification measurement related to the matching of fuels and engines. 5.2.1 Empirical correlations that permit calculation of automotive antiknock performance are based on the general equation: Values of k1, k2, and k3 vary with vehicles and vehicle populations and are based on road-octane number determinations. 5.2.2 Motor O.N., in conjunction with Research O.N., defines the antiknock index of automotive spark-ignition engine fuels, in accordance with Specification D4814. The antiknock index of a fuel approximates the road octane ratings for many vehicles, is posted on retail dispensing pumps in the United States, and is referred to in vehicle manuals. This is more commonly presented as: 5.3 Motor O.N. is used for measuring the antiknock performance of spark-ignition engine fuels that contain oxygenates. 5.4 Motor O.N. is important in relation to the specifications for spark-ignition engine fuels used in stationary and other nonautomotive engine applications. 5.5 Motor O.N. is utilized to determine, by correlation equation, the Aviation method O.N. or performance number (lean-mixture aviation rating) of aviation spark-ignition engine fuel.6 1.1 This laboratory test method covers the quantitative determination of the knock rating of liquid spark-ignition engine fuel in terms of Motor octane number, including fuels that contain up to 258201;% v/v of ethanol. However, this test method may not be applicable to fuel and fuel components that are primarily oxygenates.2 The sample fuel is tested in a standardized single cylinder, four-stroke cycle, variable compression ratio, carbureted, CFR engine run in accordance with a defined set of operating conditions. The octane number scale is defined by the volumetric composition of primary reference fuel blends. The sample fuel knock intensity is compared to that of one or more primary reference fuel blends. The octane number of the primary reference fuel blend that matches the knock intensity of the sample fuel establishes the Motor octane number. 1.2 The octane number scale covers the range from 0 to 120 octane number, but this test method has a working range from 40 to 120 octane number. Typical commercial fuels produced for automotive spark-ignition engines rate in the 80 to 90 Motor octane number range......

Standard Test Method for Motor Octane Number of Spark-Ignition Engine Fuel